Studying the Effect of Tissue Properties on Radiofrequency Ablation by Visual Simulation Ensemble Analysis

Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive, needle-based medical treatment to ablate tumors by heating due to absorption of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves. To ensure the complete target volume is destroyed, radiofrequency ablation simulations are required for treatment planning. However, the choice of tissue properties used as parameters during simulation induce a high uncertainty, as the tissue properties are strongly patient-dependent. To capture this uncertainty, a simulation ensemble can be created. Understanding the dependency of the simulation outcome on the input parameters helps to create improved simulation ensembles by focusing on the main sources of uncertainty and, thus, reducing computation costs. We present an interactive visual analysis tool for radiofrequency ablation simulation ensembles to target this objective. Spatial 2D and 3D visualizations allow for the comparison of ablation results of individual simulation runs and for the quantification of differences. Simulation runs can be interactively selected based on a parallel coordinates visualization of the parameter space. A 3D parameter space visualization allows for the analysis of the ablation outcome when altering a selected tissue property for the three tissue types involved in the ablation process. We discuss our approach with domain experts working on the development of new simulation models and demonstrate the usefulness of our approach for analyzing the influence of different tissue properties on radiofrequency ablations.